Formation of Himalayas

• million years ago, there was a super continent known as the pangea
• it then broke into two landmasses known as the Gondwana land and Eurasian.
• these two moved closer
• later, this plate got completely locked in the Tethys sea which rose upwards and the himalayas were formed.

Northern plains 

• spread over an area of 7 lakh square km 
• flat land of alluvial deposits formed in northern plains.
• agriculturally productive
• most densely populated

Peninsular plateau

• formed due to the breaking of drifting Gondwana land
• black soil is formed 
• oldest land mass
• composed of old crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks.
• has broad and shallow valleys

Indian desert

• lies towards western margins of Aravali hills
• indulating sandy plain with sand dunes
• low vegetation cover
• only large river called luni

Coastal plains

• stretch of narrow coastal stripes
• run along the bay of bengal to the east and Arabian sea to the west

Western coast :

• narrow plain running along the Arabian sea to the west
• stretches from Gujrat to kerala. ex: konkan plains, kannad plains, malabar coast.

Eastern coast :

• run along the bay of bengal 
• wide and levelled ex: northern circars and coramandel coast.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

Located in bay of bengal
covers an area of 700 sq. km.
group of island 572
divided into Andaman in north and Nicobar in south.
equatorial climate.
diversity of flora and fauna.