CLASS 9 ECONOMICS: WORK SHEET OF CHAPTER:4

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA:

1. What is food security? 

2. Why food security?

3. How is food security effected during a calamity?

4. Who are food insecure people?

5. Do you believe Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?

6. Differentiate Between Seasonal Hunger and Chronic Hunger.

7. What is Buffer Stock?

class 8: history: The Nationalist Movement

MAPPING SKILL

Given below are the years  in which important sessions of the Indian National Congress were held. Find the places and mark them on India Map. Also say in what way those sessions were important.
(a) 1885
(b)1905
(c) 1906
(d) 1907
(e) 1916
(f)1919

REPORT WRITING

Imagine yourself as a press reporter and write a press report on an incident that took place during the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements...

class 9 civics chapter 5: working of institutions

Working of Institutions

A Government Order:

An order announces a major policy decision taken by the government for immediate implementation.

The Decision Makers

1.      President is the head of the state and is the highest formal authority in the country.
2.      Prime Minister is the head of the government and actually exercises all governmental powers. He takes most of the decisions in the Cabinet meetings.
3.      Parliament consists of two Houses,Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The parliament makes important laws to be followed by everyone.

A long chain of events before the passing of Government Order for OBC reservation.

1.      The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by B.P. Mandal. Hence it waspopularly called the Mandal Commission.
2.      The Commission gave its Report in 1980 and made many recommendations. One of these was that 27 per cent of government jobs be reserved for the socially andeconomically backward classes.
3.      For several years, many parliamentarians and parties keptdemanding the implementation of theCommission’s recommendations.
4.      Then came the LokSabha electionof 1989. In its election manifesto, theJanata Dal promised that if voted topower, it would implement theMandal Commission report.
5.      TheJanata Dal did form the governmentafter this election. Its leader V. P.Singh became the Prime Ministerand he implemented it.

Involvement of several political institutions in implementing OBC reservation (Mondal Commission recommendations):

1.      The President of India in hisaddress to the Parliamentannounced the intention of thegovernment to implement therecommendations of the MandalCommission.
2.      On 6 August 1990, the UnionCabinet took a formal decision toimplement the recommendations.
3.      Next day Prime Minister V.P. Singhinformed the Parliament aboutthis decision through a statementin both the Houses of Parliament.
4.      The decision of the Cabinet wassent to the Department of Personneland Training. The senior officers ofthe Department drafted an order inline with the Cabinet decision andtook the minister’s approval.
5.       Anofficer signed the order on behalf ofthe Union Government. This washow OBC reservation bill wasborn on August 13, 1990. Many approached the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court judgesin 1992 declared that this order of the Government of India was valid.

What are political Institutions? Need for Political Institutions in India

Several arrangements to provide social security, education, health and basic needs are made inall modern democracies. Sucharrangements are called institutions.A democracy works well whenthese institutions perform functionsassigned to them.
1.      The Parliament makes important laws foe the entire nation.
2.      The Prime Minister and theCabinet are institutions that takeall important policy decisions.
3.      The Civil Servants, workingtogether, are responsible for takingsteps to implement the ministers’decisions.
4.      Supreme Court is an institutionwhere disputes between citizensand the government are finallysettled.

What is Parliament?Why do we need a Parliament?

An assembly ofelected representatives which exercisessupreme political authority onbehalf of the people. In India such anational assembly of electedrepresentatives is called Parliament.

1.      Parliament is the final authority formaking laws in any country.Parliamentsall over the world can make newlaws, change existing laws, orabolish existing laws and makenew ones in their place.
2.      Parliaments all over the worldexercise some control over thosewho run the government. In somecountries like India this control isdirect and full.
3.      Parliaments control all the moneythat governments have. In mostcountries the public moneycan be spent only when theParliament sanctions it.
4.      Parliament is the highest forum ofdiscussion and debate on publicissues and national policy in anycountry. Parliament can seekinformation about any matter.

Two Houses of Parliament

1.      In our country, the Parliamentconsists of two Houses. The twoHouses are known as the Council ofStates (RajyaSabha) and the Houseof the People (LokSabha).
2.      The total number of elected members of LokSabha is 543+2 Anglo Indian nominated members.The total number of members of RajyaSabha is 238+12 nominated members.
3.      Members of LokSabha are electedby the people. Members of RajyaSabha are elected by the MLAs and MPs.
4.      The length of the term of LokSabha members is 5 years.The length of the term of RajyaSabha members is 6 years
5.      LokSabha can be dissolved but Raya Sabha is permanent and only the members retire.

How does LokSabha exercise supreme power than RajyaSabha?

1.      Any ordinary law needs to bepassed by both the Houses. But ifthere is a difference between thetwo Houses, the final decision istaken in a joint session in whichthe view ofthe LokSabha is likely to prevail.
2.      LokSabha exercises more powersin money matters. Once the LokSabha passes the budget of thegovernment or any other moneyrelated law, the RajyaSabhacannot reject but can only delay it by 14 days.
3.      Most importantly, the LokSabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the support of the majority of the members in the LokSabha is appointed the Prime Minister.
4.       If the majority of the LokSabha members say they have ‘no confidence’ in the Council of Ministers, all ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit. theRajyaSabha does nothave this power.

Executive

At different levels of anygovernment we find functionarieswho take day-to-day decisions and implement those decisions onbehalf of the people. All thosefunctionaries are collectively knownas the executive.

Political and Permanent Executive

1.      Politician who is elected by the people for a specific period is called thepolitical executive. Political leaderswho take the big decisions fall in thiscategory.
2.      Officers who are appointed on a long-term basis based on their qualification and experience. They are called the permanentexecutive or civil servants. They remain in officeeven when the ruling party changes.

Why does the political executive have more power than the non-political executive? OR
Why is the minister more powerful than the civil servant?

1.      In a democracy the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered to exercise the will of the people on their behalf.
2.      The Minister is finallyanswerable to the people for all theconsequences of her decision. Thatis why the minister takes all the finaldecisions.
3.       The minister decides theoverall framework and objectives inwhich decisions on policy should bemade.
4.      The minister is notexpected to be an expert in thematters of her ministry. The ministertakes the advice of experts on alltechnical matters.
5.      The experts can tell the route, but the minister with a larger view decidesthe destination.

Council of Ministers and Types of ministers:

Council of Ministers is the officialname for the body that includes allthe Ministers. It usually has 60 to80 Ministers of different ranks.

1.      Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of themajor ministries. Usually theCabinet Ministers meet to takedecisions in the name of theCouncil of Ministers.
2.      Ministers of State with independentcharge are usually in-chargeof smaller Ministries. Theyparticipate in the Cabinet meetingsonly when specially invited.
3.      Ministers of State or Deputy ministersare attachedto and required to assist CabinetMinisters in their work.

CLASS 9 CIVICS CHAPTER 5 : WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS (WORKSHEET)

DEAR STUDENTS

COMPLETE THIS WORKSHEET AND SHOW ME ON MONDAY.

Class 9 Civics Worksheet - Working of Institutions

1. Name the three main democratic institutions that play a key role in major decisions.

2. Who is the head of the state?

3. Who is the head of the government?

4. Which events preceded the Government order of 13th August, 1990?

5. Why did PM V.P.Singh have to implement Mandal Commission recommendations?

6. What reasons were given in support of the Government order?

7. Why was the order dated 13th August, 1990 opposed?

8. What was Supreme Court judgement on Government Order of 13th August, 1990?

9. What is the need for political institutions in a democracy?

CLASS 8 INDIAN JUDICIARY

WATCH THE VIDEO ....

class 9 homework

GATHER INFORMATION ON BIHAR ELECTIONS OF 2015 FOR A DISCUSSION IN THE CLASS TOMORROW I.E., ON 10TH NOVEMBER...

Class 8: What is the judiciary?

The judiciary (also known as the judicial system or court system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes.

Some More info about it...

Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not make law (that is, in a plenary fashion, which is the responsibility of the legislature) or enforce law (which is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case. This branch of the state is often tasked with ensuring equal justice under law. It usually consists of a court of final appeal (called the "Supreme court" or "Constitutional court"), together with lower courts.

In many jurisdictions the judicial branch has the power to change laws through the process of judicial review. Courts with judicial review power, may annul the laws and rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm, such as primary legislation, the provisions of the constitution orinternational law. Judges constitute a critical force for interpretation and implementation of a constitution, thus de facto in common law countries creating the body of constitutional law.

Class IX: Process of Election

Dear Students

Kindly go through the given information and get ready for tomorrows class:

Most important steps involved in election Procedure in India are: 1. Formation of Constituencies 2. Filling of Nominations 3. Scrutiny of Nominations 4. Election Campaign 5. Polling Personnel and the Polling 6. Counting of Votes and Declaration of Results 7. Submission of Account Relating to Election Expenses 8. Election Disputes!

1. Formation of Constituencies:

The Constitution lays down that after the completion of each census the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha to States shall be readjusted. Similarly, the constituencies for elections to the legislative assemblies are also readjusted.

However, 42nd Amendment Act (1976) provided that until the figures for the first census after the year 2000 have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust the allocation of seats to the States in the Lok Sabha.

2. Filling of Nominations:

The nomination of candidates is an important part of the election process. The regulations require that the candidate or the person who proposes his name files the nomination papers with the Returning Officer. In order to be chosen a member of the Rajya Sabha or the State Legislative Council, a person must be not less than 30 years of age.

For election to the Lok sabha or the State Legislative Assembly, a person should have attained an age of 25 years. A person is disqualified for being chosen as a member of any House, (i) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or of any State (The offices of Ministers or Deputy Ministers are not regarded as offices of profit for this purpose); (ii) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; (iii) if he is an un-discharged insolvent; (iv) if he has ceased to be a citizen of India; and (v) if he is so disqualified under any law made by Parliament.

The Representation of the People act, as amended from time to time disqualifies a person from the membership of a Legislature:

(i) if he has been found guilty of certain election offences or corrupt practices in election; (ii) if he has been convicted and sentenced to transportation or to imprisonment for not less than two years; and (iii) if he has been dismissed from government service for corruption or disloyalty to the State.

In 1988 many other offences, such as cruelty towards women, were in­cluded among those which would cause disqualification for standing for election. But none of these disqualifications operates for a period of more than six years from the date of such conviction.

3. Scrutiny of Nominations:

The Returning Officer scrutinizes the nomination papers very carefully. When someone is dissatisfied, he is officially stopped from contesting election for six years. The candidates can withdraw their nomination papers even after they have been found in order.

Every candidate standing for election to the Lok Sabha or to State Legislative Assembly has to make a security deposit of Rs. 10,000 arid Rs. 5,000 respectively. In case the candidate belongs to any of the Scheduled Castes or Tribes, the security deposit is reduced by half.

The security deposit of such candidates as have obtained less than one-sixth of the total number of valid votes polled is forfeited.

4. Election Campaign:

Techniques of election campaign and the tools employed by the parties and the independent candidates are many: 

(i) Election Manifesto:

The parties issue their Election Manifestoes. A Manifesto is a Statement of great significance. It is “a formal Statement of the programme and objectives of a political party” It deals with issues such as restructuring of Centre-State relations, guarantees to religious or linguistic minorities, justice and judicial reforms, fiscal reform, economic growth, social justice, problems of the handicapped, health, nutrition, education, defence and world peace. The Mani­festo contains programmes and promises, with a view to attract the largest number of voters.

(ii) Electioneering (Activities and Techniques to Persuade Voters):

The parties and the candi­dates usually make use of these techniques in order to carry their message to the voters (a) public meetings and rallies are organised and processions taken out. The party leaders, espe­cially the crowd pullers, are assigned the task to address public meetings; (b) the street corner meetings are held; (c) the candidates, along with the influential persons of the area, do door-to- door canvassing; (d) new slogans are coined to attract the masses; (e) advertisements are re­leased to the press (the popular daily and weekly newspapers); and (f) the Radio and the Televi­sion are pressed into service to broadcast the speeches and panel-discussions of leaders of various parties.

Now-a-days electronic media plays the most effective role in creating people’s awareness about programmes of the political parties. The party leaders give a series of interviews to newspapers and television agencies. Wide coverage is being given to all these events at regular intervals.

5. Polling Personnel and the Polling:

The election campaign must be stopped 48 hours before the time when poll concludes on the polling day.

Presiding Officer supervises the whole of the polling process and ensures that all persons working under him adhere to the electoral norms and practices.

The voter records his vote either by placing the seal-mark against the name of the candidate he wants to vote for or by pressing the button of the voting machine.

6. Counting of Votes and Declaration of Results:

After the polling has ended the ballot boxes or the voting machines are sealed and carried under custody to the counting stations. Then the process of counting the votes begins. In 1979, the practice of booth-wise counting of ballot paper was revived.

It was done on the instance of the parties which insisted on knowing the voting pattern so that they could woo the voters and work vigorously in the areas where they were weak. Booth-wise counting was preferred for one more reason.

The parties felt that by doing so it would be easier to detect rigging and take necessary action. However, there is no hard and fast rule as to the counting of votes and the Election authorities are free to mix up the ballot papers from all the booths, if the feel that it ensured secrecy with regard to the pattern of voting. The candidate who obtains the highest number of votes is declared elected.

7. Submission of Account Relating to Election Expenses:

The law fixes the maximum limit of the expenses to be incurred by various contenders on their election. In 1998, the limit of election ex­penses for an Assembly election in most States was raised from Rs. 1.50 lakh to Rs. 6 lakh.

It was enchanced from Rs. 4.50 lakh to Rs. 15 lakh for a Parliamentary contest. The candidates are required to file an account of the election expenses. It is a corrupt practice for a candidate to spend more money than the prescribed amount on his election.

8. Election Disputes:

The Constitution had originally provided for the appointment of Election Tribunals for deciding disputes arising in connection with elections. The Nineteenth Amendment Act (1966) abolished this provision and laid down that the election disputes would be decided by the High Courts.

HOLIDAY HOME WORK FOR CLASS 8

1. FLOW CHART
HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED HOW A LOAF OF BREAD OR A READY MADE GARMENT IS MADE ? FIND OUT AND THEN MAKE A FLOW CHART TO SHOW THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN THE MAKING. FROM WHICH PLANTS DO YOU GET THESE THINGS...

2. BECOME A DETECTIVE
TALK TO AT LEAST TWO WOMEN YOU KNOW---FAMILY MEMBERS, TEACHERS, DOCTORS, NEIGHBORS, HOUSE HOLD HELPERS AND SO ON.... MAKE SURE AT LEAST THEY SHOULD BE ABOVE 60 YEARS OLD AND ASK THEM WHETHER THEY WENT TO SCHOOL, TILL WHICH CLASS THEY STUDIED AND WHAT WORK EACH OF THEM DOES..... WRITE A REPORT COMPARING WHAT THE OLDER WOMEN HAVE TO SAY WITH WHAT GIRLS YOUR AGE HAVE TO SAY. DO YOU FEEL LIFE IS EASIER FOR WOMEN NOW THAN IT WAS 50 YEARS AGO?

class 9 history topic : ordinary people and the crimes against humanity

• Many saw the world through nazi eyes and spoke their mind in Nazi language. They felt hatred and anger when they saw someone who looked like a Jew.
• They believed nazism would bring prosperity and improve general well being.
• But not every German was a Nazi.
• However, passive onlookers and apethetic witnesses. But they were too scared to act to protest against nazi.
• What Jews felt in nazi Germany, Charlotte Beradt secretly recorded people’s dream in her diary and published them in a highly concerting book called “THIRD REICH OF DREAMS”.
• They dreamt of their hooked noses, black hair, eyes, body movements, images published in Nazi press haunted the Jews in their dreams and they died many deaths before they reached the gas chamber.

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST

• Information about Nazi tricked out of Germany during last years and of what happened. when Germany was defeated the world came to realize horrors 
• Jews wanted the world to remember the sufferings they had during the nazi killing operations called “ HOLOCAUST”.
• When the war seemed lost nazi leadership distributed petrol to destroy all evidence available in the offices.
• The Jews witnesses in the ghettos preserved documents and camp inhabitants wrote diaries, notebooks, created archives.
• The memory of the holocaust live on in memories, documentaries, poetry, fiction and in many museums of the world today.
• These are a tribute to those who resisted it, an embarrassing reminder to those who collaborated and a warning to those who watched in silence.

class 9 history topic: the nazi worldview

• The crimes that nazi committed were linked to a system of belief and set of practices.
• Nazis ideology was synonymous with Hitler’s world view. According to this there was no equality between people but only a racial hierarchy.
• In this view blond, blue-eyed were Nordic Germans at the top while Jews were at the lowest rung. They regarded as anti-race.
• All other colored people were placed in between depending upon their external features.
• His ideas were used by racist thinkers and politicians to justify imperial rule.
• According to nazi strongest race would survive and weak one should perish and dominate the world.
• He believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement to retain and intimate link with the place of their origin.
• Poland became the laboratory for racial experiment.

ESTABLISHMENT OF RACIAL STATE

• Nazi wanted only a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. 
• They were considered desirable as they were seen as worthy, prospering and multiplying against all others.
• Who were undesirable, impure or abnormal had no right to exist.
• Gypsies and blacks were considered as racial inferiors and widely persecuted.
• Russians and Poles were considered subhuman and were forced to work as slave labour and many of them died through hard work and starvation.
• Jews had been stereotyped as killers of Christ and were barred from owning land.
• They lived in separately marked areas called Ghettos.
• From 1933-1938, Nazis terrorized, pauperized and segregated them to leave the country.
• In 1939-1945, they aimed at concentrating in certain areas and killed them in gas chambers in Poland.

THE RACIAL UTOPIA

• Under the shadow of war, Nazi proceeded to realize their murderous racial ideal. Genocide and war became the two sides of the same coin.
• Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties later occupied by ethnic Germans.
• Poles were herded like cattle In the other part  called General Government.
• The polish intelligentsia were murdered to keep the entire people intellectually and spiritually servile. 

HITLER'S RISE TO POWER {CLASS 9 HIS CHAP-2 }

• Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He spent his youth in poverty. 
• When the first world war broke out he enrolled for the army acted as a messenger, became a corporal and earned medals for bravery. Treaty of Versailles made him furious and he joined a small group called German worker's party in 1919.
• He subsequently took over the organisation and renamed it National Socialist German Workers party. this party came to be known as Nazi Party.
• In 1928, nazi party got 2.6% votes in Reichstag. By 1932, it had become the largest party with 37% of votes.
• Hitler was a powerful speaker. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany.
• He promised to build a strong nation and instill a sense of unity among the people.
• The red banners with the swastika, the nazi salute and the ritualized rounds of applause after the speeches were all part of this spectacle of power.
• Nazi propaganda skillfully projected Hitler as a messiah, a saviour as someone who had arrived to deliver people for their distress. 

THE DESTRUCTION OF DEMOCRACY

• On 30th January 1933, President Hindenburg offered him chancellorship in the cabinet of ministers.
• Having acquired power Hitler set out to dismantle the structure of democratic rule.
• The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 suspended civic rights guaranteed by the Weimar constitution.
• On 3rd march the famous Enabling Act was passed. This act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers, sideline parliament and rule by decree.

RECONSTRUCTION

• Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery, full employment through a state funded work creation program.
• He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933 and reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan "one people one empire one leader".
• In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England.
• In September 1940 a Tripartite pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan. Supportive of Nazi Germany were installed in a large part of Europe. By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power.
• He attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 which inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingard.
• When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base at Pearl Harbour, US entered the second world war. The war ended in May 1945 with Hitler's defeat and the US dropping of the atom bomb at Hiroshima in Japan.

birth of weimar republic { class 9 history chapter:2 }

BIRTH OF WEIMAR REPUBLIC

•Germany was a powerful empire in the early years of the twentieth century.

• It fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia).

•The Allies were strengthened by the US entry in 1917 and won the war in November 1918.

•The parliamentary parties met at the National Assembly at Weimar and established a democratic constitution

• Universal suffrage was allowed for electing the Deputies to the German Parliament (Reichstag).

Versailles Treaty

•As per the peace treaty signed at Versailles, Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13% of its territories, 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.

•The War Guilt Clause forced Germany to pay compensation amounting to £6 billion.

• The resource rich Rhineland was occupied by the Allied armies.

•many Germans were not happy with the Weimar Republic.

The Effects of the War

•Europe had turned into a continent of debtors from being a continent of creditors.

• The Weimar Republic was forced to pay for the sins of the old empire.

• The supporters of the Weimar Republic became easy targets of the attacks by the conservatives.

Glorification of Soldiers

•After the First World War, the soldiers came to be placed above civilians all over Europe.

•Politicians and the media glorified the life of a soldier.

•Aggressive war propaganda and national honour became the theme of public debate.

•Democracy was a nascent idea which could not survive the war-ravaged Europe.

Political Radicalism and Economic Crises

•This was the time when the Spartacist League revolution began to rise on the pattern of Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

•The socialists, democrats and the Catholics met in Weimar to give shape to the democratic republic.

•uprising of the Spartacist was crushed with the help of war veteran organizations called Free Corps.

•The Spartacist later founded the Communist Party of Germany.

•The economic crisis of 1923 further heightened the political radicalization in Germany.

•Germany had to pay war reparations in gold which led to depletion of gold reserve.

•The French occupied its leading industrial area Ruhr; to claim their coal.

•Germany responded with passive resistance and printed paper currency recklessly.

•Finally, America decided to bail out Germany from this mess. America introduced the Dawes Plan.

•According to this plan, the terms of reparations were reworked to ease the financial burden on Germany.

The Years of Depression

•Some stability could be seen between 1924 and 1928.

• But that stability was short-lived because the industrial recovery in Germany was dependent on short-term loans.

•This support was withdrawn after the infamous Wall Street crash.

•The Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929 and people sold their shares in a mad spree.

•This was the beginning of the Great Depression.

•On the streets of Germany you could see men with playcards around the neck saying “willing to do any work”.

•Unemployed youth played cards, simply sat at street corners.

•Desperately queued up at local employment exchange as jobs disappeared. They took criminal activities.

sample papers of SA-1 class 9

SAMPLE PAPER 1 SA-1 CLASS 9

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SAMPLE PAPER 2 CLASS 9  SA-1

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geography : drainage system of India

CIVICS CHAPTER 3 CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN

CIVICS CHAPTER - 3

Constitutional Design

• Constitution set guideline for functioning of government.
• Constitution is the supreme law, determined relationship among people and government.
• The constitution of France is the product of political revolution.
• British constitution represents gradual evolution of many centuries.
• Here we find out constitution of South Africa and Indian were designed.
• Democracy in South Africa struggled a lot to establish democratic government.
• Apartheid refers to system of racial - discrimination, prevalent in South Africa imposed by white Europeans.
• People were divided on skin colour.
• Separate modes of communications, public  facilities and educational institutions were held for black people.
• Nelson Mandela well regarded state man led to the struggle to replace South Africa with non racial democracy.
• Spend 28 years in prison and received the noble prize in 1993.

"I have forget against white and black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. Its an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be its an ideal for which I am prepared to die" - Nelson Mandela.

Struggle Against Apartheid

• Blacks, coloured and Indians started struggle against apartheid system in 1950's.
• Launched protest marches and strikes.
• African National Congress (ANC) is ruling party was found in South Africa in 1992.
• Led struggle against apartheid regime of South Africa.
• Voiced against policies of segregation's.
• Communist party workers unions and sensitive white joined hands with ANC.
• Got massive support of international community.
• Protests and struggles against the apartheid intensified.
• Government realized that they could no longer keep the blacks under repression.
• The white regime changed its policies.
• Discriminatory laws were repealed.
• Ban on political parties and restrictions on media were lifted.
• After 2 years of discussion and debate finest constitution were setup.
• Nelson Mandela was released in 1994, after 28 years of imprisonment.
• Democratic election was held in 1994.
• ANC emerged winner with a 62% majority.
• Today we are entering a new era of our country and its people.
• Today we celebrate not the victory of a party, but a victory for all the people of South Africa.

New Government

• Democracy established in South Africa at the midnight of 26th April 1994.
• The new national flag of the republic of South Africa was unfurled.
• The new government had an important task to frame the constitution.
• Let us find out the details of constitution of South Africa.
• Constitution is a supreme law.
• Determines relationship among people and government.
• Sets rules and regulations for government.
• Most extensive rights provided to citizens.
• Everyone encouraged to participate in resolving problems and finding solutions.
• Strong determination of people transformed bitter experiences into rainbow nation.

"The constitution of South Africa speaks of both the past and the future, on the one hand, its a solemn pact in which we are South Africans. declare to one another that we shall never permit a repetition of our racist, brutal and repressive past. But its more than that. Its also a charter for the transformation of our country into one which is truly shared by all, its people a country which in the fullest sense belongs to all of us, black and white women and men" - Nelson Mandela.

class 9

maping skill

Formation of Himalayas

• million years ago, there was a super continent known as the pangea
• it then broke into two landmasses known as the Gondwana land and Eurasian.
• these two moved closer
• later, this plate got completely locked in the Tethys sea which rose upwards and the himalayas were formed.

Northern plains 

• spread over an area of 7 lakh square km 
• flat land of alluvial deposits formed in northern plains.
• agriculturally productive
• most densely populated

Peninsular plateau

• formed due to the breaking of drifting Gondwana land
• black soil is formed 
• oldest land mass
• composed of old crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks.
• has broad and shallow valleys

Indian desert

• lies towards western margins of Aravali hills
• indulating sandy plain with sand dunes
• low vegetation cover
• only large river called luni

Coastal plains

• stretch of narrow coastal stripes
• run along the bay of bengal to the east and Arabian sea to the west

Western coast :

• narrow plain running along the Arabian sea to the west
• stretches from Gujrat to kerala. ex: konkan plains, kannad plains, malabar coast.

Eastern coast :

• run along the bay of bengal 
• wide and levelled ex: northern circars and coramandel coast.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

Located in bay of bengal
covers an area of 700 sq. km.
group of island 572
divided into Andaman in north and Nicobar in south.
equatorial climate.
diversity of flora and fauna.

Class IX Geography    PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA

India has all the major physical features i.e. mountains, plains, plateaus and islands.

What are the causes of these variations.

External forces :

• weathering - break down and alteration of rocks on the earth due to the exposure of atmosphere
• erosion  - wearing away of the landscape by different agents such as wind water and ice.
• deposition - Transportation and deposition of weathered materials through wind and water.

Internal Forces :

• Tectonic movements -  these plates are continuously moving in different directions at different speeds.

Result of plate movements : These plates changed the position and size of the continents over millions of years.

Plate Boundaries :

Convergent Boundaries : Collides

• the crust is destroyed and recycled back into the interior of the earth as one plate dives under another.
• mountains and volcanoes are often found where plate converge.

Divergent Boundaries  : Separate from one another

• new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other.
• oceans grow wider.
• on land a rift or separation arises.
• over time the mass breaks apart into distinct land masses and the surrounding water fills the space.

Transform Boundaries  :

• most transform faults found on ocean floor.
• produce zig-zag plate margins generally defined shallow earthquakes.

Major Physio graphic Divisions

Himalayas
northern plains
peninsular plateau
Indian desert
Coastal plains
Islands

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