HITLER'S RISE TO POWER {CLASS 9 HIS CHAP-2 }

• Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He spent his youth in poverty. 
• When the first world war broke out he enrolled for the army acted as a messenger, became a corporal and earned medals for bravery. Treaty of Versailles made him furious and he joined a small group called German worker's party in 1919.
• He subsequently took over the organisation and renamed it National Socialist German Workers party. this party came to be known as Nazi Party.
• In 1928, nazi party got 2.6% votes in Reichstag. By 1932, it had become the largest party with 37% of votes.
• Hitler was a powerful speaker. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany.
• He promised to build a strong nation and instill a sense of unity among the people.
• The red banners with the swastika, the nazi salute and the ritualized rounds of applause after the speeches were all part of this spectacle of power.
• Nazi propaganda skillfully projected Hitler as a messiah, a saviour as someone who had arrived to deliver people for their distress. 

THE DESTRUCTION OF DEMOCRACY

• On 30th January 1933, President Hindenburg offered him chancellorship in the cabinet of ministers.
• Having acquired power Hitler set out to dismantle the structure of democratic rule.
• The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 suspended civic rights guaranteed by the Weimar constitution.
• On 3rd march the famous Enabling Act was passed. This act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers, sideline parliament and rule by decree.

RECONSTRUCTION

• Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery, full employment through a state funded work creation program.
• He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933 and reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan "one people one empire one leader".
• In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England.
• In September 1940 a Tripartite pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan. Supportive of Nazi Germany were installed in a large part of Europe. By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power.
• He attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 which inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingard.
• When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base at Pearl Harbour, US entered the second world war. The war ended in May 1945 with Hitler's defeat and the US dropping of the atom bomb at Hiroshima in Japan.

birth of weimar republic { class 9 history chapter:2 }

BIRTH OF WEIMAR REPUBLIC

•Germany was a powerful empire in the early years of the twentieth century.

• It fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia).

•The Allies were strengthened by the US entry in 1917 and won the war in November 1918.

•The parliamentary parties met at the National Assembly at Weimar and established a democratic constitution

• Universal suffrage was allowed for electing the Deputies to the German Parliament (Reichstag).

Versailles Treaty

•As per the peace treaty signed at Versailles, Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13% of its territories, 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.

•The War Guilt Clause forced Germany to pay compensation amounting to £6 billion.

• The resource rich Rhineland was occupied by the Allied armies.

•many Germans were not happy with the Weimar Republic.

The Effects of the War

•Europe had turned into a continent of debtors from being a continent of creditors.

• The Weimar Republic was forced to pay for the sins of the old empire.

• The supporters of the Weimar Republic became easy targets of the attacks by the conservatives.

Glorification of Soldiers

•After the First World War, the soldiers came to be placed above civilians all over Europe.

•Politicians and the media glorified the life of a soldier.

•Aggressive war propaganda and national honour became the theme of public debate.

•Democracy was a nascent idea which could not survive the war-ravaged Europe.

Political Radicalism and Economic Crises

•This was the time when the Spartacist League revolution began to rise on the pattern of Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

•The socialists, democrats and the Catholics met in Weimar to give shape to the democratic republic.

•uprising of the Spartacist was crushed with the help of war veteran organizations called Free Corps.

•The Spartacist later founded the Communist Party of Germany.

•The economic crisis of 1923 further heightened the political radicalization in Germany.

•Germany had to pay war reparations in gold which led to depletion of gold reserve.

•The French occupied its leading industrial area Ruhr; to claim their coal.

•Germany responded with passive resistance and printed paper currency recklessly.

•Finally, America decided to bail out Germany from this mess. America introduced the Dawes Plan.

•According to this plan, the terms of reparations were reworked to ease the financial burden on Germany.

The Years of Depression

•Some stability could be seen between 1924 and 1928.

• But that stability was short-lived because the industrial recovery in Germany was dependent on short-term loans.

•This support was withdrawn after the infamous Wall Street crash.

•The Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929 and people sold their shares in a mad spree.

•This was the beginning of the Great Depression.

•On the streets of Germany you could see men with playcards around the neck saying “willing to do any work”.

•Unemployed youth played cards, simply sat at street corners.

•Desperately queued up at local employment exchange as jobs disappeared. They took criminal activities.

sample papers of SA-1 class 9

SAMPLE PAPER 1 SA-1 CLASS 9

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SAMPLE PAPER 2 CLASS 9  SA-1

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geography : drainage system of India

CIVICS CHAPTER 3 CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN

CIVICS CHAPTER - 3

Constitutional Design

• Constitution set guideline for functioning of government.
• Constitution is the supreme law, determined relationship among people and government.
• The constitution of France is the product of political revolution.
• British constitution represents gradual evolution of many centuries.
• Here we find out constitution of South Africa and Indian were designed.
• Democracy in South Africa struggled a lot to establish democratic government.
• Apartheid refers to system of racial - discrimination, prevalent in South Africa imposed by white Europeans.
• People were divided on skin colour.
• Separate modes of communications, public  facilities and educational institutions were held for black people.
• Nelson Mandela well regarded state man led to the struggle to replace South Africa with non racial democracy.
• Spend 28 years in prison and received the noble prize in 1993.

"I have forget against white and black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. Its an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be its an ideal for which I am prepared to die" - Nelson Mandela.

Struggle Against Apartheid

• Blacks, coloured and Indians started struggle against apartheid system in 1950's.
• Launched protest marches and strikes.
• African National Congress (ANC) is ruling party was found in South Africa in 1992.
• Led struggle against apartheid regime of South Africa.
• Voiced against policies of segregation's.
• Communist party workers unions and sensitive white joined hands with ANC.
• Got massive support of international community.
• Protests and struggles against the apartheid intensified.
• Government realized that they could no longer keep the blacks under repression.
• The white regime changed its policies.
• Discriminatory laws were repealed.
• Ban on political parties and restrictions on media were lifted.
• After 2 years of discussion and debate finest constitution were setup.
• Nelson Mandela was released in 1994, after 28 years of imprisonment.
• Democratic election was held in 1994.
• ANC emerged winner with a 62% majority.
• Today we are entering a new era of our country and its people.
• Today we celebrate not the victory of a party, but a victory for all the people of South Africa.

New Government

• Democracy established in South Africa at the midnight of 26th April 1994.
• The new national flag of the republic of South Africa was unfurled.
• The new government had an important task to frame the constitution.
• Let us find out the details of constitution of South Africa.
• Constitution is a supreme law.
• Determines relationship among people and government.
• Sets rules and regulations for government.
• Most extensive rights provided to citizens.
• Everyone encouraged to participate in resolving problems and finding solutions.
• Strong determination of people transformed bitter experiences into rainbow nation.

"The constitution of South Africa speaks of both the past and the future, on the one hand, its a solemn pact in which we are South Africans. declare to one another that we shall never permit a repetition of our racist, brutal and repressive past. But its more than that. Its also a charter for the transformation of our country into one which is truly shared by all, its people a country which in the fullest sense belongs to all of us, black and white women and men" - Nelson Mandela.

class 9